excess vote
A vote that counts toward a winning candidate, beyond the extent needed to win. Cf. effective vote.
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wasted vote
A vote that does not count toward any winning candidate. Cf. effective vote; excess vote.
single transferable vote
A preferential vote that will migrate or “transfer” away from a candidate whom it will no longer help. • Under transferable voting, a candidate wins if his or her first-choice votes reach the number needed to win, or the “threshold.” If no candidate reaches the threshold, the least-preferred candidate is dropped and his or her
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effective vote
A vote that counts toward a winning candidate, to the extent needed to win. • A vote that goes to a winning candidate is “effective” to the extent needed to win, and “excess” beyond that point. For example, if a candidate needs 100 votes and gets 150, then 50 votes are excess votes and each
debt limitation
debt limitation. A ceiling placed on borrowing by an individual, business, or government. • The constitutions of many states prohibit the states from incurring debt in excess of a stated amount. Other state constitutions allow states to incur debt above a stated amount only through a vote of the people. — Also termed limitation on